Do Companies Have a Responsibility Not to Destroy the Environment or Should Profits Be Allowed at Any Environmental Cost Essay Example for Free

Do Companies Have a Responsibility Not to Destroy the Environment or Should Profits Be Allowed at Any Environmental Cost Essay We can see a change in every organizational activities, as in marketing, for example Mc Donald change their previous red logo, in green one, A new one, for a new eco-system protecting plan. In this research we are going to see many element, which will prove that companies have a responsibility to take care about the environment. In this research, a melting pot of arguments will be show, to understand if businesses and factories have to pollute instead of adapting their way to work in function of environment and sustainable development. Real fact will help to understand the point of view. Firm’s activities have big environmental impact, its take a major part of naturals resources and reject in the environment. Oil and chemicals industries are not the only companies, which polluted. Every single firm consumes raw material as water, energy and others. It’s also rejected some substances more or less harmful in the environment. More over the intensive consumption of raw material have big impact on the extinction many species, or animal can become endangered. Deforestation in some country appears because companies want to produce more and more, always more. If firms continue to take resources as now, there will be an exhaustion of raw material as oil and gas. Climate change is partly caused by every reject by firms, in terms of polluting gas, chemical stuff and pollution in the see. As â€Å"good planet† said in their article, a cellulose factory has been closed by the government because they notice that to much pollution as been providing by this factory. In fact, around this factory the Baikal lac was very pollute. The vice Prime Minister Arkadi Dvokovitch announces that the factory will be close as soon as possible: â€Å"We decided to close the plant cellulose Baikalsk†. As the government said, a care project is taking part in this area of Russia. The fact that firms do not respect the environment can be dangerous in different way. In this case, 1700 peoples became unemployed, because it shutting. Population becomes less and less happy because of the different ways of pollution of the country. That is why everyone losing something: government loses reputation, to let factories pollute in the country. Firms have to be shutdown because its disrespect the environment. The reputation is very important for a company; it is one of the most important things to maximize profit. People’s way to speak about a company makes it stronger, if its have a good reputation. More often companies can have a bad rap; When it is important to see what are peoples problems and what are the environmental problems, company are less fascinate. Furthermore, it is usually the bigger business, which pollute the most. It is possible to make profit, and make a maximizing profit not in spit of polluting. But head directors prefer giving money to government as fines, instead of polluting less and earn less money. Refers to the case of Pfizer industry, which is one of the biggest pharmaceutical firms from France. As Bschool wrote in an article, Pfizer has the most important record of polluting action in all categories: â€Å"Pfizer has a bad record on numerous fronts†. This big company has been fined many times by authorities, for environmental violations, in terms of air contamination, because rejected lots of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere. After many recommendations by government, Pfizer industry did not take care about it, and preferred continued to earned money and maximizing profit. This unconscious act proves that head manager who where at the top of the firm did not think about environmental and social problem, and did not feel concerned by security. According again to Bschool, In 2009, the company became more open minded and aware of what she did, and try to reconsolidated the public opinion with an offer to charity: â€Å"In 2009, Pfizer gave more than $60 million to charity, amounting to an astounding 24,2% of its total net profits for the year. † Thanks to regulation and authority to act in this different case, because we all know that is not the only to act in this way with people and environment. Nowadays, people become more and more involved about the protection of the environment. People, company and government try to find together some alternative to stay on the road in term of ecology. At the begging of the XIX century, the industrial revolution and the economy are based on the absolute search of gain. It is difficult to get back and primary think to the development instead of maximizing profit. Therefore company and government had to make some agreement for sustainable development. For example, according to Jonathan Maxwell, SDCL’s CEO: â€Å"Reducing demand for energy is potentially the most cost- effective and rational way of reducing emissions and improving the security of energy supply. The UK regulator, Ofgem, recently predicted in its first annual Electricity Capacity Assessment that the amount of spare capacity in the system could fall from 14% to 4% in the next 3 years, raising the specter of outages and price rises. This ground-breaking agreement between SDCL, Kingspan and Johnson Controls represents a major step forward towards a scalable and replicable solution, funded through energy savings achieved†. This kind of action is present nationally and internationally. Government want to reduce a lot Co2e emissions in the world; that is why big action concentrate many countries all around the world. States have to sign a convention, and adopt comportment after that. The majority of restriction are involved by the OMC (World Trade Organization). Refers to the professor Michael Porter, teacher in Harvard Business School, the â€Å"Porter hypothesis† (citation). Supporting his thesis from 1991, the main idea of environmental regulation is to institute programs firms reducing some externalities. Mr. Porter said also if companies are doing it by themselves it is considerably normal that business’s profits, by definition necessarily decrease. So the profit of factory can decrease if companies are adopting new rules for sustainable development. In different case, it is better making profit than take care about the environment and sustainable development. The first of a company is to make profit, and more precisely a maximization of profit. A lot of Head business managers prefer pollute and make profit, rather than adopts rules for ecology, and change the global way of the firm. A survey on the green economy post show that around 34% of executives polled preferred to stay on a good move with their company and prefer see the whole economy of the business on prosperity: â€Å"According to this Survey, 34% of executives polled said that their firm’s immediate financial goals were of more importance than practicing sustainability  Ã‚ ». There are lots of problems in changing methods to produce for a company, the management of the polluting rubbish, change machine that will be less dangerous for the environment. So that is why manager do not care about nature and public opinion. Even if there are many inconvenient, it is possible to see company which was able to accept this change in term of environment protection. As we see in the introduction, Mc Donald changes many things in the company. For example the logo, to be in coherence with sustainable development, the logo was red and now its green, the environment color. After that, it is not only a picture of a good company, which wants to have a good behavior with environment; there are some benefits that Mc Donald can catch benefits. Referring to Bob Langert, who is VP, Corporate social responsibility at Mc Donald’s corporation: Energy is really our No. issue, he said. When you look at the dollars we spend, and the impact we have on the environment, and the progress we can make to do better, and use our size and influence to make a difference, its energy. Bob Langert tell us this information in an interview, in a US TV channel called alternative channel To conclude, we saw different aspect from makin g profit instead of taking care about the environment. Along this research it is prove that it is better to contribute to sustainable development and be aware of consequences of pollution. Even if it is hard to renounce to earn lots of money and make a maximize profit for business. Help nature and it will reward you. Bibliography * McDonald’s Golden Rules for Energy Efficiency and Sustainability | Sustainable Development and Humanitarian Causes: The Alternative Channel Blog. McDonald’s Golden Rules for Energy Efficiency and Sustainability | Sustainable Development and Humanitarian Causes: The Alternative Channel Blog. Web. * The 10 Most Socially Irresponsible Big Brands | BSchool. com Business Schools Directory. BSchoolcom Business Schools Directory The 10 Most Socially Irresponsible Big Brands Comments. Web. * Une Usine De Cellulose Qui Pollue Le Lac Baikal Va Fermer. Une Usine De Cellulose Qui Pollue Le Lac Baikal Va Fermer. Web. * Corporations and the Environment. Global Issues. N. p. , n. d. Web. * Sustainable Development Capital LLP. Sustainable Development Capital LLP. Print 2012 * Robert A. G. Monks and Nell Minow, Power and Accountability, 1991 an on-line book, originally written 1991 * Richard Robbins, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism (Allyn and Bacon, 1999), pp. 233-236 * Resources for the Future RFF. org. Resources for the Future RFF. org. N. p. , n. d. Web

Bornstein :: essays research papers

Although Bornstein argues that gender is entirely socially constructed I find it hard to believe that he is completely correct. I do agree that gender is influenced by the world we are born into. I understand that from birth we are partially programmed by our society to become something, but I do not agree that this is the determining factor in what we become as people. I feel that it's only a small part of our modern society (known as traditions) that are fighting to fit us in a certain category. Furthermore, I'd like to believe that most of today's society is helping us express our own individuality. I am not a stranger to social construction. I was born to a very strict Roman Catholic Italian family. My grandfather worked construction 50 hours a week while my grandmother tended seven children. My own mother was not even allowed to attend college because they believed that "girls weren't supposed to go to college". Inequality and gender difference was very visible. Do to social construction, my mother grew up believing that there were certain jobs for men and certain jobs for women. Ironically it was the changing society of the late 60's and early 70's that gave my mother the motivation to question tradition. I feel that in this situation it's not society in general that constructs gender but simply ignorance through tradition. In my mothers case it wasn't society at all but merely her families strict traditional values that tried construct her into the "traditional women" figure. Even though many years have past since my mother has grown up and much has changed traditional values still play a part in how gender difference is created in society. In my own life my family has influenced my views on gender dramatically. When I was young I would listen to my grandfather ramble (in that myopic traditionally old fashioned tone so common of an older generation) about the inadequacy of women drivers and the annoyances of having women in the workplace. As a young person his views were very impressionable and if I hadn't been corrected by my mother I may of easily carried these beliefs into adulthood. In another situation, if there was ever any mention of eating a microwave meal in front of my grandmother she would immediately begin a rant about how she used to cook breakfast, lunch and dinner for seven children, herself, and my grandfather everyday of the week with no exceptions.

Software Performance Engineering Techniques

Abstract— bettering public presentation of package, sites and services is a holy grail of package industry. A new attack for execution of Poka-Yoke method in package public presentation technology is proposed. Poka-Yoke is a error proofing technique used in merchandise design. The effectivity of Poka-Yoke in package development was evaluated utilizing two instance surveies: merchandise redesign mini-project given to six groups of pupils and a study of online services in the package industry. Both quantitative and qualitative rating was done. Our proposed five-step error proofing technique for package development utilizing Poka-Yoka rating demonstrated the effectivity. The consequences showed that an implementing Poka-Yoke technique improves the package development procedure. Arrested development analysis showed that Poka-Yoke has a greater impact on package quality that uses the current province of the art package development theoretical accounts. Improved UGAM tonss besides s howed one-dimensionality and justified Poka-Yoke execution. Our findings recommend use of techniques for error proofing for overall package public presentation. The purpose is to cut down mistakes in package development procedure. We are besides suggesting HQLS: a new attack for high quality in the big graduated table package development in this paper. Keywords- Poka-Yoke Principles, Performance, UGAM, Security, Quality, Mistake-proofing, Detection. I. Introduction In position of Mukesh Jain, across the Earth, end-user public presentation of the bulk of our online services, web sites and package applications is a affair of concern. Global and local rivals in the parts have led to fierce competition for relatively better public presentation than rival services. Slow services impacts on user experience, operational cost, mind-share, market portion and gross. Turning the tide on public presentation can hold existent impacts on any company’s underside line. One of the cardinal messages sent from the markets is that we need to make a better occupation of bettering public presentation of our sites and services globally. The public presentation of most of the sites and services in many instances lag. For illustration, in the US, on broadband connexion, MSN/Live Search takes 3 seconds to expose the consequences compared to Google’s 1.5 seconds and the Yahoo’s 2.5 seconds. For Search, we have seen that the longer it takes to lade the consequences page, the more people abandon the page ( i.e. Peoples typically begin go forthing a page after waiting 4 seconds, and more than 50 % of users abandon the page after waiting for 6 seconds ) . Site public presentation in states like India makes many merchandises about impossible to utilize. Recent proving showed that it takes around 40 seconds for person in India to login into Hotmail and see their letter boxs, while it takes merely 5 seconds when utilizing rival electronic mail merchandises like yahoo.co.in, rediffmail and Indiatimes. This may take to important loss in electronic mail market portion in India. The heat chart in the Table 2 reflects the comparative public presentation of the online services market. The tabular array shows the PLT [ Page-Load-Time ] in seconds for the user in each of the major states. We show the 75th percentile, intending that 75 % of minutess in the state are better than this figure, and 25 % are worse. The Numberss on the left are MSN. On the right is the â€Å" top † rival for that service in that market. Jain proposed a strategy and process to forestall and/or detect public presentation issues in clip for the merchandise technology squad to take action and repair them and forestall them from go oning. Users don’t like to wait for a page to lade. With nothing ( or really low ) exchanging cost, it is disputing for any service to retain the users with slow public presentation ( compared to the major rival in that market ) . If the service is slow one time in a piece – users may non detect and/or will non mind. But if it is systematically slow, it will impact their productiveness and they will look for faster options. The field of Poka-Yoke has a big sum of literature in merchandise design methods, package proving techniques, and direction ( M.Dudek Burlikowska et Al, 2009 ; Lawrence P Chao et Al, 2003 ; Harry Robinson, 1997, etc ) . These proposals are first-class presentations of how Poka-Yoke design methodological analysis can ensue in improved user-experience design and service public presentation with fewer defects in their several spheres. Unfortunately, major spreads between Poka-Yoke and SE continue to be in faculty members, literature, and industrial pattern. The following subdivision gives an overview of related work in Poka-Yoke. Sections 3 and 4 describe the proposals for package public presentation, technology and HQLS: a new attack for high quality in big graduated table package development. The Section 3 besides has qualitative ratings of package public presentation technology proposal. Sections 5 describe instance surveies that evaluated the architecture for HQLS and their findings. Section 6 draws decisions from the survey. II.STATE OF THE ART In recent old ages, research on using Poka Yoke in package has received much attending [ 7, 8, 9, and 10 ] . Harry Robinson introduced Poka-Yoke ( mistake-proofing ) into the Hewlett Packard’s package procedure and he claims they have been able to forestall literally 100s of package localisation defects from making their clients. As per Gojko Adzic, writer of Impact Mapping â€Å"software categories should non let us to continue and blow up when something goes incorrect. Exceptions can be an effectual manner of giving more certification, but the signal should be clean and unambiguous, in order non to misdirect users or client-developers. Software must be designed to forestall a complete clang, even in the face of system failure. Auto-save characteristics are a good illustration. It’s non frequently that the power gets cut, but when it does, our users will certainly appreciate that we saved most of their work† [ 11 ] . Much of the research focal point is for ZOC, quality control, placing defects. However, the restriction that associated research brings is non using Poka- Yoke in entireness. III.PROPOSAL FOR SOFTWARE PERFORMANCE Technology Here are the Poka-Yoke based 5 stairss ( theoretical account ) we can accommodate ( in parts or full ) to Prevent and/or Detect public presentation jobs at the right clip and repair it as depicted in the Table 1 [ 18 ] . A.Focus/Strategy The first measure for this would be to include public presentation as portion of the scheme and focal point. Sing public presentation as Key portion of the deliverable is of import. â€Å"Like security & A ; handiness, we should see public presentation as built-in portion of any characteristic. Performance can non be an afterthought- If we do non concentrate public presentation from the get downing – it might be excessively late to repair it and in some instances we might lose the opportunity† . B.Approach The attack to plan and development makes a important difference towards the exposure of the procedure for public presentation issues. This is the 1 of a bar type of mistake-proofing solution. The design methodological analysis and the development procedure can forestall many sorts of public presentation jobs. This is the 1 of a bar type of mistake-proofing solution replacing manual work with an machine-controlled tool can salvage resources and enhances the quality of the merchandise. C.Testing ( Verification & A ; Validation ) Testing for public presentation will be of import here. Performance should non be considered as a separate characteristic – it should be portion of each and every characteristic and scenario, usage instance. â€Å" TEST PASS IS INCOMPLETE without PERFORMANCE Testing † . Testing demands to be performed based on the â€Å" End-user † scenes. The Majority of the people have slower machines than what Jain squad uses in Microsoft. D.Monitoring/Measurement ( Detection ) For all the sites that are unrecorded in production, we need to hold monitoring/measurements in topographic point to be able to supervise public presentation tendencies and detect/report issues. This sensing method does nil to forestall the public presentation impact from go oning. Alternatively, it aims to happen the public presentation job at the earliest chance in order to minimise the harm. With this mistake-proofing solution, the right job is detected and reported at the right clip to the right people. The monitoring system ( webHancer, SQM, WebWatson, etc. ) can mensurate public presentation at the end-user and study it back to Microsoft. An alarming system can be built on top of it that can hold concern rules/criteria for observing public presentation forms ( for cardinal user scenarios ) and study to the appropriate people. Example: Business Scenario for measuring of Quality of Service can be explained in different types like absolute measuring, comparative measuring and competitory measuring. This mistake-proofing solution does nil to forestall the public presentation job from go oning. However, agencies are provided to minimise the impact of any public presentation issue. By this clip the bulk of the people would understand the importance of Performance and how they can lend to better the same.

Will Trumps steel tariffs save manufacturing jobs in the US - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1780 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/27 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Donald Trump Essay Did you like this example? Introduction anders nennen: US-American President Trump imposed tariffs on steel for several different countries in early 2018. This is a decision that comes with many consequences for all involved parties. During the presidential elections in 2016, Trump promised to save manufacturing jobs in the US once he gets elected, and it is controversial whether tariffs are the right actions to be taken. This academic mini-paper will provide information about the economics behind new import tariffs of Chinese and European / South Korean steel. The first part of the mini-paper will give an overview about the current situation including major developments that happened since steel tariffs were applied. The second part is covering each affected country independently, whereas the paper focuses mainly on the situation with China and Europe. The economic consequences of president Trumps actions for each of the countries as well as for the United States itself will be illustrated. The third part of the mini-paper is going to highlight arguments that are supporting, as well as arguments that are opposing the idea of using tariffs to save manufacturing jobs in the US. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Will Trumps steel tariffs save manufacturing jobs in the US?" essay for you Create order Next to a summary of the main aspects of the mini-paper, the last part is talking about future scenarios for all involved countries. It is obvious that China, Europe and South Korea feel punished by the actions which the United States has taken previously. As a way of taking revenge they might (be continuing to) conduct retaliation measures which could hurt the United States severely. Economic situation after imposing new tariffs New import tariffs what is the status quo? US-President Trump thinks that America has been worse off in terms of relations with other countries. He thinks that relations need to be improved, and contracts need to be renegotiated. As a concrete action, he is talking about imposing quotas or tariffs on various products that are imported to the United States. Thats why in January 2018 he announced to impose a 25%-import tariff on imported steel for many countries. When the tariffs got imposed in March 2018, Europe was not one of the affected continents. However, this changed in June, and Europe got involved as well. Trump is justifying the tariffs by saying that the national security of the United States is not guaranteed so far. The following part of the Mini-Paper will illustrate details about the situation between the United States and each of the aforementioned countries. Situation in China: Trump sees China as Americas biggest enemy. According to him, America got treated unfairly by China previously. He claims that the Chinese stole American technology. Thats why Trumps wants to fight back, and he sees a way in doing so by imposing import tariffs on steel. Although still developing China can be considered a powerful country. They can produce and sell / export a lot of steel at very cheap prices. The problem here is that this is possible because the Chinese government is providing money in the form on subsidies for Chinese steel. Trump is imposing tariffs, which is hurting China. But the original problem, which is an exceed of subsidized Chinese steel, cannot be solved his way. Tariffs can only be considered as a pressure to have the Chinese government to decrease subsidies for their steel production. Even if only a small amount of the United States steel is coming from China, it has a big impact: Soon after the tariffs got imposed, imports decreased by more than 10 percent. Without doubt, Trumps major goal is to damage China, but the tariffs got imposed on European steel as well which will be discussed in detail in the following part of the Mini-Paper. Situation in Europe: At the beginning, Europe got treated differently than other countries when it comes to the trade tariffs imposed by the United States. In June 2018, the United States imposed a 25%-steel tariff on Europe. This happened three months after Trump first announced to impose steel tariffs on other countries (See chapter 1.1). As a response, the European Union decided to levy tariffs on US-steel. Furthermore, the European Union consulted the World Trade Organization in order to file a complaint against the behavior of the United States. Europe is already suffering from the imposed tariffs. An example for that is the Riva mill in Brandenburg an der Havel. According to representatives, the mill is expected to cut 40% of its jobs. German chancellor Merkel states that it is better to engage in talking to the United States rather than just retaliating Trumps actions. The European Union wants to get exempted from the trade tariffs, and so far it seems like President Trump is ready to negotiate about it by demanding the European Union should be obliged to export less steel to the United States in case the tariffs get revoked. That is relating to Trumps plan to preserve national interests plan to fight China. Right now, he is imposing tariffs on all western allied countries, even though he knows that they all mostly agree that China isnt playing fair in todays times. If Trump can solve that problem, he might be better off versus China in terms of a trade war. The European Commission is agreeing by saying that the current way will rather support China than damaging them in the very end. Situation in South Korea: HEADINGS SEE INSTRUCTIONS The situation regarding imposing steel tariffs on South Korea is different than the ones from China and Europe. As almost any other country, South Korea used to be imposed by the 25%-tariff levied by America as well (see Chapter 1.1). But the difference is that America and South Korea have a bilateral free trade agreement which has been renegotiated. As a result, South Korea got exempted from the steel tariffs. Instead, America and South Korea agreed on an import quota for South Korea of about 2.68 million tons of steel / year. The reason for that is that South Korea is close to China. Trump and the United States are afraid that China uses South Korea as a transit country to deliver its cheap steel to the United States.Controversial discussion for saving jobs Controversial discussion for saving jobs Arguments supporting Trumps strategy to save manufacturing jobs After imposing import tariffs on steel, its price for imports are rising which means that in the short run the domestic country (in this discussion the United States) will produce and export more steel. That means more manufacturing jobs will be available in the United States. Trump himself keeps saying that disadvantages are only taking place temporarily, because in the long run, he sees himself able to negotiate agreements in the United States favor which will finally lead to a rise of the American steel industry as well as its workers. Arguments opposing Trumps strategy to save manufacturing jobs: George Bush as a former president already did nearly the same thing: He increased the import tariffs on steel. Because of that, 30 us American manufacturers declared bankruptcy and roughly 200,000 people lost their jobs. The way tariffs work is always the same, so it is likely that this situation is happening again. Steel is the basis for many different goods. Some companies use steel to create their tools to manufacture other goods. That means that much more jobs are involved than one may think at first (see Appendix A). An estimated 146,000 workers are likely to lose their jobs, which is opposing Trumps strategy to save manufacturing jobs. Trumps party, the Republicans, condemned his actions as well. They say that the tariffs come with increasing costs for the companies. These costs are likely to be forwarded to the employees for example by paying them lower wages. Future Outlook: In the future, China and Europe are likely to come up with (more) retaliation measures. Trump threatened the affected countries to increase or impose new tariffs once this is happening. South Korea is the only country discussed in this Mini-Paper that ultimately was able to renegotiate and agree on new trade terms when it comes to shipping steel to the United States (see Chapter 1.4). Especially as the steel tariffs are affecting more than just the steel sector (see Chapter 2.2), it is still uncertain to what extent the United States will benefit or suffer from it in the end. Conclusion anders nennen: Less than a year passed since US-President Trump announced and imposed a steel-tariff on many countries. Even though some local companies were able to create manufacturing jobs as Trump promised originally, it is still unclear what exact effect these tariffs will have on the American economy. As this Mini-Paper shows, there are numerous aspects that are leading to an opposite effect. In order to get an accurate overview about the consequences regarding American steel manufacturers, analyzing the situation between the United States and China, Europe or South Korea is not enough. Additional countries have to be taken into consideration. Future research can be conducted for example on the situation between the United States and India, as Indias actions can have a huge impact on the worlds economy as well. Bibliography: 1. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/05/31/trump-has-officially-put-more-tariffs-on-u-s-allies-than-on-china/?noredirect=onutm_term=.7922d98015b8 2. Trump reiterates plans for steel-import curbs 2nd update. (2017, Jul 13). Dow Jones Institutional News Retrieved from https://uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/docview/1918734979?accountid=7139 3. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/05/31/trump-has-officially-put-more-tariffs-on-u-s-allies-than-on-china/?noredirect=onutm_term=.7922d98015b8 4. Trumps steel destruction. (2018, Jun 01). Wall Street Journal Retrieved from https://uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/docview/2047940134?accountid=7139 5. https://search-proquest-com.uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/docview/1918734979?accountid=7139rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo# 6. Feldstein, M. (2018, Mar 15). The real reason for Trumps steel and aluminum tariffs. Project Syndicate Retrie ved from https://uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/docview/2014042852?accountid=7139 7. https://therealdeal.com/2018/09/18/trumps-latest-tariffs-target-steel-metal-products/ 8. https://www.city-journal.org/html/trumps-steel-tariffs-16108.html 9. https://global.handelsblatt.com/opinion/eye-eye-steel-levy-steel-levy-947153 10. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news18_e/ds548_550rfc_06jun18_e.htm 11. https://search-proquest-com.uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/docview/2022928709?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo 12. https://search-proquest-com.uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/docview/2013530484?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo 13. https://search-proquest-com.uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/docview/2036317302?accountid=7139rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo 14. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/05/31/trump-has-officially-put-more-tariffs-on-u-s-allies-than-on-china/?noredirect=onutm_term=.7922d98015b8 15. https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4006_en.h tm 16. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/25/us-exempts-south-korea-from-steel-tariffs.html 17. https://search-proquest-com.uiwtx.idm.oclc.org/docview/2017838140?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo 18. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/16/trump-says-his-tariffs-are-saving-us-steel-industry.html 19. https://www.investors.com/politics/commentary/steel-tariffs-on-chinese-steel/ 20. https://qz.com/1221912/trump-tariffs-five-us-jobs-will-be-lost-for-every-new-one-created-by-trumps-steel-tariffs/ 21. https://qz.com/1293821/trump-trade-war-146000-us-job-will-be-lost-to-steel-tariffs/ 22. https://www.dallasfed.org/research/~/media/documents/research/eclett/2018/el1805.pdf